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ASTROPHYSICS.
Astrophysics - branch of astronomy that studies the physical nature of celestial bodies and their systems, their origins and evolution.
As is clear from its name, astrophysics - is the physics of celestial bodies. Space is essentially a large physical "laboratory" where there are conditions that are often quite unattainable in terrestrial laboratories, and representing individuals, therefore of great interest to science. Astrophysical research methods have two important features that distinguish them from methods of laboratory physics. First of all, himself a physicist at the laboratory to experiment, subjects studied various effects of the body. In astrophysics, observations can only be passive, so there is no way to conduct experiments, such as stars. Second, if the laboratory can directly measure the temperature, density, chemical composition of bodies, etc., in almost all astrophysical data on distant celestial bodies are produced by the analysis coming from these electromagnetic waves - visible light and other invisible eye the rays. The basis of astrophysics are astrophysical observations. If this is an important method - spectral analysis, i.e. the study of the energy fluxes of the incoming radiation to the ground, depending on the length of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves carry information about the conditions in the medium, where they originate or where have the absorption and scattering. The problem of spectral analysis - to decipher the information.
The appearance of spectral analysis in the second half of XIX century immediately possible to draw conclusions about the chemical composition of celestial bodies. One of the first brilliant achievements of astrophysics obtained with this experimental technique was the discovery of previously unknown elements - helium - in studying the spectrum of the chromosphere of the Sun during a total eclipse in 1868, in the future, as a result of experimental and theoretical physics made possible by using the spectral analysis to determine virtually all the physical characteristics of celestial bodies and the interstellar medium. The spectra allow to check the temperature of the gas, its density, the relative abundance of different chemical elements, the state of the atoms of these elements, the gas velocity, the intensity of magnetic fields. The spectra of stars we can also calculate the distance to them, learn their speed on the line of sight, to measure the rotation and find out more.